General
General Management
- Al-Husinat. A narrative review on the future of ARDS: evolving definitions, pathophysiology, and tailored management. Crit Care. 2025;29:88.
- Ma. Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2025;10(1):75
- Xie. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): from mechanistic insights to therapeutic strategies. MedComm 2025;epublished January 26th
- Wick. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. BMJ 2024;387:e076612
- Fujishima. Guideline-based management of acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Intensive Care 2023;11:10
- Grotberg. Management of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a primer. Crit Care 2023;27(1):289
Background
Pathophysiology
General
- Ziaka. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Pathophysiological Insights, Subphenotypes, and Clinical Implications—A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med 2025;14:5184
- Zhou. Pathophysiological mechanisms of ARDS: a narrative review from molecular to organ-level perspectives. Respir Res 2025;26(1):54
- Swenson. Pathophysiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and COVID-19 Lung Injury. Crit Care Clin 2021;37(4):749-776
Definitions
- Xue. Beyond Berlin: The multidimensional evolution of ARDS in the era of precision critical care. J Intensive Med. 2026;6(4).
- Gonzalez-Pizarro. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Definitions in Adults and Children: A Comparative Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(21):7644.
- Al-Husinat. A narrative review on the future of ARDS: evolving definitions, pathophysiology, and tailored management. Crit Care. 2025;29:88.
- Biuzzi. Old and new definitions of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): an overview of practical considerations and clinical implications. Diagnostics 2025;15(15):1930
- Battaglini. Challenges in ARDS Definition, Management, and Identification of Effective Personalized Therapies. J Clin Med 2023;12:1381
V/Q Mismatch
- Slobod. Pathophysiology and Clinical Meaning of Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Biology 2023;12:67
- Zheng. Dead space ventilation-related indices: bedside tools to evaluate the ventilation and perfusion relationship in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 2023;27(1):46
- Gierhardt. Impairment of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir Rev 2021 30:210059
Ventilation
Organ Crosstalk
Gut-Lung Interaction
- Zeng. Gut microbiota in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities via the gut-lung axis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1781229.
- Zhang. Gut microbiota and its metabolic products in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Immunol 2024;15:1330021
Inflammation
Air Pollution
Conditions
Sepsis
Immunosuppression
Burns
COVID-19
- Jacquier. Ventilatory Management of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Med 2023;12(24):7509
- Kondili. COVID-19 ARDS: Points to Be Considered in Mechanical Ventilation and Weaning. J Pers Med 2021;11(11):1109
- Pfortmueller. COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS): Current knowledge on pathophysiology and ICU treatment - A narrative review. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2021;35(3):351-368
Complications
Cor Pulmonale
Cognitive Impairment
- Sasannejad. Long-term cognitive impairment after acute respiratory distress syndrome: a review of clinical impact and pathophysiological mechanisms. Crit Care 2019;23(1):352
- Albaiceta. The central nervous system during lung injury and mechanical ventilation: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2021;127(4):648-659
Non-Resolving ARDS
Organ Crosstalk
Patient Self-Inflicted Lung Injury
Monitoring & Investigations
General
Mechanical Ventilation
Biomarkers
- Spadaro. Prone Positioning and Molecular Biomarkers in COVID and Non-COVID ARDS: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2024;13(2):317.
- Fan. A narrative review on lung injury: mechanisms, biomarkers, and monitoring. Crit Care 2024;28:352
- Ge. Advances in Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Treatment of ARDS. Diagnostics 2023;13:3296
Omics
Machine Learning
Therapies
Invasive Ventilation
- Azzam. Beyond One-Size-Fits-All: Precision Mechanical Ventilation in ARDS. J Clin Med. 2026;15(5):2058.
- Park. Lung-protective ventilation strategy in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a critical reappraisal of current practice. Crit Care. 2025;29:444.
- Muldiiarov. Optimizing Mechanical Ventilation Strategies in ARDS: The Role of Driving Pressure and Low Tidal Volume Ventilation. Crit Care Res Pract 2025;2025:8857930
- Battaglini. Challenges in transitioning from controlled to assisted ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) management. J Clin Med 2024;13:7333
- Hoshino. Future directions of lung-protective ventilation strategies in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acute Med Surg. 2024;11:e918.
- Hoshino. Future directions of lung-protective ventilation strategies in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acute Med Surg 2024;epublished January 2nd
Protective Ventilation
- Cornejo. Protective Ventilation During Controlled and Partial Ventilatory Support in ARDS: Clinical–Physiological Background and Monitoring. J Clin Med. 2026;15(5):1830.
- Park. Lung-protective ventilation strategy in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a critical reappraisal of current practice. Crit Care. 2025;29:444.
- Hoshino. Future directions of lung-protective ventilation strategies in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acute Med Surg. 2024;11(1):e918.
PEEP
- Servetti. Optimising positive end-expiratory pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a narrative review of approaches to titration. Br J Anaesth. 2026;136(5):1472-1481.
- Melo. Positive end-expiratory pressure titration in acute respiratory distress syndrome–a practical bedside algorithm. Front Med 2026;13:1807478.
- Allen. Positive end-expiratory pressure in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: a narrative review. Transl Pediatr. 2026;15(3):85.
- Boesing. Positive end-expiratory pressure management in patients with severe ARDS: implications of prone positioning and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care. 2024;28:277.
- Boesing. Positive end-expiratory pressure management in patients with severe ARDS: implications of prone positioning and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):277.
- Mousa. Setting positive end-expiratory pressure: lung and diaphragm ultrasound. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2024;30(1):53-60.
- Somhorst. Setting positive end-expiratory pressure: the use of esophageal pressure measurements. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2024;30(1):28-34.
- Heunks. How we approach titrating PEEP in patients with acute hypoxemic failure. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):415.
- Boesing. Positive end-expiratory pressure optimisation during general anaesthesia in patients with obesity: a narrative review of respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. Br J Anaesth. 2026;136(3):970-982.
Prone Positioning
- Ziaka. Awake Prone Positioning in Non-Intubated Non-COVID-19 ARDS: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Respir Med. 2026;94(4):53.
- Ehrmann. Prone positioning in ARDS. Intensive Care Med 2026;epublished July 20th
- Spadaro. Prone Positioning and Molecular Biomarkers in COVID and Non-COVID ARDS: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2024;13(2):317.
Neuromuscular Blockade
Corticosteroids
Drug Therapies
- Merola. One syndrome, many diseases: toward precision pharmacotherapy in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Pharmacol. 2026;17:1924674.
- Almuntashiri. Exploring pharmacological strategies in the management of ARDS: Efficacy, limitations, and future directions. J Crit Care Med 2025;11(3):208-220
Sedation
Paediatric Sedation
Experimental
N-Acetylcysteine
Last updated September 7th, 2026