Narrative Reviews
Acute Respiratory Failure
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General
General
- Fujishima. Guideline-based management of acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Intensive Care 2023;11:10
- Pearson. Management of Respiratory Failure: Ventilator Management 101 and Noninvasive Ventilation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2022;17(4):572-580
- Lemiale. Oxygenation strategy during acute respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients. J Intensive Med 2021;1(2):81-89
Hypercapnoeic Respiratory Failure
Paediatrics
Background
Pathophysiology
- Hopkins. Advances in gas-exchange physiology and pathophysiology. ERS Monogr 2025;2025:12–31
- Morris. Causes and management of impaired gas exchange in critically ill patients. BJA Education 2025;25:90-98
- Raimondi Cominesi. Pulmonary shunt in critical care: a practical approach with clinical scenarios. J Anesth Analg Crit Care 2024;4:18
Conditions
Immunocompromised Patient
- Azoulay. Diagnosis of severe respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients. Intensive Care Med 2020;46(2):298-314
- Kang. Effect of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy in Immunocompromised Subjects With Acute Respiratory Failure. Respir Care 2020;65(3):369-376
- Azoulay. Acute respiratory failure in immunocompromised adults. Lancet Respir Med 2019;7(2):173-186
Neuromuscular Disorders
- Ziaka. Pathophysiology of acute lung injury in patients with acute brain injury: the triple-hit hypothesis. Crit Care 2024;28:71
- Galassi. Acute neuromuscular syndromes with respiratory failure during COVID-19 pandemic: Where we stand and challenges ahead. J Clin Neurosci 2022;101:264-275
- Racca. Practical approach to respiratory emergencies in neurological diseases. Neurol Sci 2020;41(3):497-508
- Chen. Noninvasive Ventilation and Mechanical Insufflator-Exsufflator for Acute Respiratory Failure in Children With Neuromuscular Disorders. Front Pediatr 2020;8:593282
Haematology Patient
Cardiac Surgery
Respiratory Viruses
Complications
Acid-Base Disorders
Monitoring & Investigations
General
Ultrasound
Electrical Impedence Tomography
Therapies
General
Oxygen
- Thille. Oxygen therapy and noninvasive respiratory supports in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a narrative review. Ann Intensive Care. 2024;14:158.
- Lius. Hyperoxia in the management of respiratory failure: A literature review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022;81:104393
- Hochberg. Oxygen Toxicity in Critically Ill Adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021;204(6):632-641
Non-Invasive Support
- Groff. Non-Invasive Respiratory Support in “De Novo” Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Which Technique Is Best? Medicina 2026;62(5):805.
- Rezoagli. A clinical guide to non-invasive respiratory support in acute respiratory failure: ventilation settings, technical optimization and clinical indications. Crit Care. 2025;29:496.
High Flow Nasal Oxygen
- Guia. High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Therapy in Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Concise Review on Technology and Initial Methodology. Turk Thorac J 2021;22(6):494-500
- Frat. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and COVID-19-related respiratory failure. J Intensive Med 2023;3(1):20-26
- Genecand. High-flow nasal oxygen in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A narrative review of the evidence before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Med 2022;9:1068327
- Long. High flow nasal cannula for adult acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in the ED setting. Am J Emerg Med 2021;49:352-359
- Vega. Nasal high flow oxygen in acute respiratory failure. Pulmonology 2021;27(3):240-247
- Ricard. Use of nasal high flow oxygen during acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 2020;46(12):2238-2247
Noninvasive Ventilation
- Bracey. Managing Acute Respiratory Failure With Facemask Noninvasive Ventilation. Ann Emerg Med 2025;85(4):349-354
- Grieco. Non-invasive ventilatory support and high-flow nasal oxygen as first-line treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS. Intensive Care Med 2021;47(8):851-866
- Abe. Update on the management of acute respiratory failure using non-invasive ventilation and pulse oximetry. Crit Care 2023;27(1):92
- Frat. Noninvasive Oxygenation in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure: Current Perspectives. Int J Gen Med 2022;15:3121-3132
- Menga. Noninvasive respiratory support for acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19. Curr Opin Crit Care 2022;28(1):25-50
- Rosà. Non-invasive ventilation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, including COVID-19. J Intensive Med 2022;3(1):11-19
Invasive Ventilation
- Christopher. Postoperative Respiratory Failure and Advanced Ventilator Settings. Anesthesiol Clin 2023;41(1):141-159
- Pearson. Management of Respiratory Failure: Ventilator Management 101 and Noninvasive Ventilation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2022;17(4):572-580
- Itagaki. Diaphragm-protective mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure. J Med Invest 2022;69(3.4):165-172
- Tsonas. Ventilation management in acute respiratory failure related to COVID-19 versus ARDS from another origin - a descriptive narrative review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021;15(8):1013-1023
Prone Position
Protective Ventilation
ECMO
- Robert. Managing Refractory Hypoxemia in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Obese Patients with Veno-Venous Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2025;14(5):1653.
- Ocean. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adults with respiratory failure secondary to cardiorespiratory disease: evolving indications and clinical practice. Breathe 2025;21(1):240119
- Grotberg. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2024;13(13):3795.
- Wieruszewski. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Acute Respiratory Failure. Pulm Ther 2023;9(1):109-126
- Short. Extracorporeal Life Support in Respiratory Failure. Clin Chest Med 2022;43(3):519-528
- Supady. Respiratory indications for ECMO: focus on COVID-19. Intensive Care Med 2022;48(10):1326-1337
Awake Prone Positioning
PEEP
- Mousa. Setting positive end-expiratory pressure: lung and diaphragm ultrasound. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2024;30(1):53-60.
- Somhorst. Setting positive end-expiratory pressure: the use of esophageal pressure measurements. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2024;30(1):28-34.
- Heunks. How we approach titrating PEEP in patients with acute hypoxemic failure. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):415.
- Boesing. Positive end-expiratory pressure optimisation during general anaesthesia in patients with obesity: a narrative review of respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. Br J Anaesth. 2026;136(3):970-982.
Paediatrics
Last updated July 29th, 2025