General
General Management
- Shekhar. Cardiogenic Shock: Current Evidence, Guideline Perspectives, and Outcomes. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2026;8:2581-2598
- Brahmbhatt. From Escalate to Elevate: A New Paradigm for Comprehensive Cardiogenic Shock Management. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2025;epublished January 9th
- Lüsebrink. Cardiogenic shock. Lancet 2024;404(10466):2006-2020
- Jung. Management of cardiogenic shock: state-of-the-art. Intensive Care Med 2024;50:1814–1829
- Mehta. Contemporary approach to cardiogenic shock care: a state-of-the-art review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024;11:1354158
- Tarantini. Timing and treatment strategies according to SCAI classification in cardiogenic shock. Eur Heart J Suppl 2023;25(Supplement_I):I19–I23
- Chun. Advanced heart failure: a contemporary approach. Korean J Intern Med 2023;epublished June 28th
- Mauro. Acute Heart Failure: Diagnostic–Therapeutic Pathways and Preventive Strategies—A Real-World Clinician’s Guide. J Clin Med 2023;12:846
Right Ventricular Failure
- Manca. Gaps and Knowledge in the Contemporary Management of Acute Right Ventricular Failure. Circ Heart Fail 2025;epublished April 14th
- Luk. The Etiology and Management of Critical Acute Right Heart Failure. Can J Cardiol 2025;epublished February 10th
- Vaidy. Diagnosis and Management of Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure in the Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Clin 2024;40(1):121-135
- Levitt. Approach to Decompensated Right Heart Failure in the Acute Setting. J Clin Med. 2024;13(3):869
- Ro. Assessment and diagnosis of right ventricular failure-retrospection and future directions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023;10:1030864
- Haloot. Management of Post–Myocardial Infarction Right Ventricular Failure. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2022;epublished November 26th
Background
Pathophysiology
- Kosyakovsky. Macrovascular Hemodynamics and Peripheral Perfusion in Cardiogenic Shock: Exploring Current Targets and Future Directions. JACC Adv 2025;epublished July 23rd
- Karimi. Mechanisms of Congestion in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Cardiorenal Med 2025;epublished June 28th
- Buckel. Extending the ‘host response’ paradigm from sepsis to cardiogenic shock: evidence, limitations and opportunities. Crit Care 2023;27:460
- Alvarado. Cardiopulmonary interactions in left heart failure. Front Physiol 2023;14:1237741
Cardio-Gut Interaction
Guideline-Based Management
Conditions
Right Ventricular Failure
MIxed Cardiogenic - Vasodilatory
Non-Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy
Complications
Microcirculatory Dysfunction
Organ Dysfunction
Liver Dysfunction
Monitoring & Investigations
Imaging
Ultrasound
- Lone. Beyond clinical congestion in acute heart failure: integrating lung ultrasound, venous Doppler, and echocardiographic hemodynamics for imaging-guided decongestion. Heart Fail Rev. 2026;31:84
- Gamarra. Ultrasound imaging of congestion in heart failure: a narrative review. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2025;15(1):233-250
- Campora. The Role of Lung Ultrasound Scan in Different Heart Failure Scenarios: Current Applications and Lacks of Evidences. Diagnostics 2025;15:45
- Dini. Echocardiography in the assessment of heart failure patients. Diagnostics 2024;14:2730
Heart Catheterisation
Invasive Monitoring
Biomarkers
- Gajewski. Lactate in Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2025;26(14):6810
- Parlati. Biomarkers for Congestion in Heart Failure: State-of-the-art and Future Directions. Card Fail Rev 2025;11:e01
- Jozwiak. Biomarkers in cardiogenic shock: old pals, new friends. Ann Intensive Care 2024;14:157
- Licordari. Beyond Natriuretic Peptides: Unveiling the Power of Emerging Biomarkers in Heart Failure. Biomolecules. 2024;14(3):309
Right Heart Evaluation
Therapies
General
- Saito. Clinical Review of Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction ― Revascularization, Mechanical Circulatory Support, and Beyond. Circ Rep 2025;7:6–14
- Choi. Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock: Inotropes, Vasopressors and Machines. Br J Hosp Med 2024;epublished December 27th
- Lim. Hemodynamic Management of Cardiogenic Shock in the Intensive Care Unit. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024;epublished March 20th
Medical
- Krasińska. Istaroxime in Acute Heart Failure and Early Cardiogenic Shock: A Calcium-Cycling Approach to Inotropic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27(13):5779
- Riccardi. Medical therapy of cardiogenic shock: Contemporary use of inotropes and vasopressors. Eur J Heart Fail 2024;26(2):411-431
- Bloom. State of Shock: Contemporary Vasopressor and Inotrope Use in Cardiogenic Shock. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;epublished July 25th
- Lescroat. The medical treatment of cardiogenic shock. J Intensive Med 2023;3(2):114-123
Anti-Thrombotic Therapy
Mechanical Support
- Gramegna. Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support for acute right heart failure: A practical approach. ESC Heart Fail 2025;epublished April 20th
- Erdem. Temporary mechanical circulatory support for acute myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2025;21(4):14-25
- Kayali. Left ventricular unloading to facilitate ventricular remodelling in heart failure: A narrative review of mechanical circulatory support. Exp Physiol 2024;epublished October 14th
- Vlachakis. Bridge to Life: Current Landscape of Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support in Heart-Failure-Related Cardiogenic Shock. J Clin Med 2024;13:4120
- Nakata. Mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock. J Intensive Care 2023;11:64
- Montisci. Recognizing patients as candidates for temporary mechanical circulatory support along the spectrum of cardiogenic shock. Eur Heart J Suppl 2023;25(Supplement_I):I3–I10
- Bertoldi. From medical therapy to mechanical support: strategies for device selection and implantation techniques. Eur Heart J Suppl 2023;25(Supplement_I):I11–I18
- Vandenbriele. Monitoring MCS patients on the intensive care unit: integrating haemodynamic assessment, laboratory data, and imaging techniques for timely detection of deterioration and recovery. Eur Heart J Suppl 2023;25(Supplement_I):I24–I31
Diuresis
Ultrafiltration
Resynchronisation
Last updated July 25th, 2026